An Electroweak-like Theory from Four Fermion Interactions

An electroweak-like theory of a broken chiral symmetry that is constructed by the collective modes of fermion pairs from four fermion interactions of one lepton generation is presented. The products of Dirac spinors lead to the separation of the two chiral fermions to couple respectively with two different kinds of polarization states. Because of a broken vacuum, a fermion and an anti-fermion out of the four pair up to form vector bosons, which behave like gauge bosons, such as $W^\pm$, $Z$ and $\gamma$ in a group structure of $SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y$. The pairing of spinors only allows left-handed fermions to interact with charged bosons to secure the gauge invariance, while, as desired, $Z$-like bosons mediate different weak forces for two chiral fermions and $\gamma$-like bosons interact freely with fermions.Comment: 15 page

A Route toward Quantum Gravity through the Imaginary-Time Field Theory

A possible way toward the quantization of a weak gravitational field inspired by the imaginary-time field theory is discussed. The analogies of the general relativity in the canonical formulation with the thermodynamic geometry and superfluids are also pointed out. The proposed regularization method in the imaginary-time formalism of field theory shows a good chance removing theoretical obstacles and constructing a perturbative theory of quantum gravity.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, some corrections have been mad

Technology Advantage and Trade: Home Market Effects Revisited

According to conventional home market effects, free trade tends to shrink the market share for the smaller economy in the differentiated manufacturing goods, and in the extreme, leads to a complete hollowing out of the industry. In departing from the original Helpman-Krugman modeling assumptions behind the home market effects, we introduce technology differences between trading partners and prove that the home market effects will be offset and will even reverse if the small economy has better technology than the other country. We also prove that even with identical country size, the intra-industry trade addressed in the existing literature may not occur; it will occur only if the technology differential lies within a certain range that is positively affected by the level of transport cost.Home market Effects, Country Size, Technology Differential

Prizidilol : analytical methods and in vitro metabolism by hepatic enzymes

Two separate assays for prizidilol have been developed. One relies on separation by high performance liquid chromatography, and the other on separation by thin layer chromatography. Both of these methods have several advantages over the existing assay developed by JC Pearce for Smith Kline and French Ltd. (SK & F). Firstly, both methods utilize pepsin to digest plasma protein since it is known that precipitation with trichloroacetic acid of the protein leads to losses by binding at different rates of prizidilol and of the internal standard. The SK & F assay might therefore be less sensitive and precise than necessary. Secondly, use of the complexing reagent, quinolin-3-al, leads to greater sensitivity of detection than the reagent, anisaldehyde, previously employed. The minimum level of quantitation of the developed assays are approximately 30 μg/1 by HPLC and 15 μg/1 by TLC, as against 50 μg/1 by the earlier HPLC method originating from SK & F laboratories. Finally, the TLC method is much quicker to perform than the previous assay

Unenumerated Power and the Rise of Executive Primacy

This article argues that contemporary syndromes of constitutional dysfunction do not solely stem from the failures of the controlling executive power. Rather, the tendency of chief executives’ appropriation of power is largely due to the fact that the institutional logic of executive power makes them do so. To govern, the chief executive needs to run the government with power, either political or constitutional. These powers are not always enumerated in the constitution, but would still be regarded as constitutional. This paper argues that the idea of taming unenumerated executive powers by definite constitutional language and text is mostly futile. Drawing from recent cases of constitutional controversies in Japan, Taiwan, and Poland, this article suggests that unenumerated powers which cannot be checked by constitutional mechanisms are the cause of the expansion of executive primacy in constitutional democracies. Following the case studies, this article analyzes the nature and problems of unenumerated powers of the executive. Building on the taxonomy proposed by Louis Fisher, the article argues that unenumerated powers are analogous to the “implied powers” in Fisher’s discussion. It must be affiliated with formal constitutional authority, but its scope would spontaneously expand if there were no sensible constraints on the use of unenumerated powers. Political actors take advantage of the fuzziness of unenumerated powers as a means of expanding their power. In democratic systems, the judicial branch is usually called upon to resolve boundary issues. As such, populist politicians often seek to control the court immediately after taking office, which in order to temper this threat, and ultimately this action contributes to the re-emergence of executive primacy